When it comes to pressure washing driveways, selecting the right cleaning chemicals is crucial for achieving optimal results. The best products not only enhance the cleaning power but also protect the surfaces underneath. With a variety of options available, we aim to help you find the perfect chemicals tailored to your specific needs.

We understand that different driveways may require different approaches based on their materials and the types of stains present. Therefore, we’ve curated a list of the best chemicals for pressure washing driveways, taking into account factors such as effectiveness, ease of use, and versatility across various surfaces. By choosing the right product, you can ensure a clean, well-maintained driveway that enhances your home’s curb appeal.

Top Picks

1
Zep All-in-1 Pressure Washing Concentrate
Best Overall
Zep All-in-1 Pressure Washing Concentrate
Effective cleaning for outdoor surfaces
9.8
Amazon.com
2
TOR 14" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Cleaner
Premium Performance
TOR 14" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Cleaner
Professional-grade efficiency saves time significantly.
9.5
Amazon.com
3
MEKOH 20'' Pressure Washer Cleaner Attachment
High Performance
MEKOH 20'' Pressure Washer Cleaner Attachment
Efficient cleaning with dual jets technology
9.3
Amazon.com
4
High-performance 14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner
Best Value
High-performance 14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner
Stainless steel design for long-lasting use
9.1
Amazon.com
5
Hiclean 15" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner
Most Reliable
Hiclean 15" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner
Expert cleaning for concrete and patios
8.8
Amazon.com
6
Professional Grade Surface Cleaner for Pressure Washers
Editor's Choice
Professional Grade Surface Cleaner for Pressure Washers
Built for durability and ease of use.
8.6
Amazon.com
7
Hiclean 12" Electric Surface Cleaner
Hiclean 12" Electric Surface Cleaner
Optimized for electric pressure washers
8.4
Amazon.com
8
WOJET 20" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner
WOJET 20" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner
Powerful 4500PSI Cleaning Performance
8.2
Amazon.com
9
14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner for Efficient Cleaning
14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner for Efficient Cleaning
Experience faster surface cleaning with professional results.
8
Amazon.com
10
19" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Cleaner
19" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Cleaner
Efficient cleaning for large surfaces
7.8
Amazon.com

Key Takeaways

  • Chemical choice impacts cleaning efficiency and surface protection.
  • Look for products that are compatible with your pressure washer type.
  • Consider the specific stains and surface materials when selecting chemicals.
  • A concentrated formula can offer better value and effectiveness.

Here are some key takeaways to consider when selecting the best chemicals for pressure washing driveways.

Which Best Chemicals For Pressure Washing Driveways Is Best for You?

Best by use case
  1. For Stubborn Oil Stains

    If oil stains are your main concern, opt for a product specifically designed to break down and emulsify oils. These chemicals provide targeted cleaning power, ensuring that even the toughest stains can be addressed effectively.

  2. For Mold and Algae

    For driveways prone to mold and algae growth, select a cleaner with mold inhibitors. These chemicals will not only clean but also help prevent regrowth, keeping your driveway looking fresh longer.

  3. For General Cleaning

    If your driveway needs a general refresh, choose a versatile all-purpose cleaner. These products can handle dirt, grime, and light stains effectively, making them ideal for routine maintenance.

Different scenarios require different cleaning solutions. Here’s how to choose the best chemicals for specific use cases associated with pressure washing driveways.

10 Best Chemicals For Pressure Washing Driveways

Best Overall
1

Zep All-in-1 Pressure Washing Concentrate

Effective cleaning for outdoor surfaces
9.8/10
EXPERT SCORE
The Zep All-in-1 Premium Pressure Washing Concentrate is designed for effective outdoor cleaning, tackling everything from oil stains to algae. Its versatile formula works on various surfaces, making it an essential for driveway and concrete maintenance.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Versatile use on multiple outdoor surfaces
Concentrated formula for maximum cleaning efficiency
Easy compatibility with all pressure washers
Prepares surfaces for sealing and painting

Cons

Requires a pressure washer for application
May need multiple applications for extremely tough stains

Overview

The Zep All-in-1 Premium Pressure Washing Concentrate is designed for effective outdoor cleaning, tackling everything from oil stains to algae.

Its versatile formula works on various surfaces, making it an essential for driveway and concrete maintenance.

Key Features of the Zep All-in-1 Premium Pressure Washing Concentrate

Removes tough stains including oil, grease, and algae
Works effectively on concrete, decks, and siding
Concentrated formula ensures powerful cleaning with less product
Prepares surfaces by removing built-up grime

Practical considerations

When purchasing, consider that this product works best with a pressure washer and may require repeated applications for deeply embedded stains.

Ensure you have the right equipment for optimal results.

Real-world insight

We find that having a reliable cleaning solution like Zep not only enhances the appearance of our outdoor spaces but also prolongs the lifespan of surfaces by preventing damage from dirt and grime buildup.


Premium Performance
2

TOR 14" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Cleaner

Professional-grade efficiency saves time significantly.
9.5/10
EXPERT SCORE
The TOR 14" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for maximum efficiency, cleaning large areas five times faster than traditional wands. Its heavy-duty construction ensures durability, while the 360° gliding wheels enhance ease of use.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Cleans large flat areas five times faster than traditional pressure washing wands.
Durable stainless steel construction ensures long-lasting performance.
Equipped with 360° gliding wheels for easy handling and consistent results.
Includes a complete pro bundle for added value and convenience.

Cons

Might be overkill for small cleaning tasks.
Requires a compatible pressure washer to operate effectively.

Overview

The TOR 14″ Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for maximum efficiency, cleaning large areas five times faster than traditional wands.

Its heavy-duty construction ensures durability, while the 360° gliding wheels enhance ease of use.

Key Features of the TOR Surface Cleaner

Dual high-pressure rotating nozzles for an efficient cleaning path.
Integrated water inlet filter to prevent clogging during use.
Compatible with most gas and electric pressure washers (2000-4000 PSI).
Splash-free skirt design keeps users dry while cleaning.

Practical considerations

When considering the TOR pressure washer attachment, it’s important to ensure compatibility with your existing pressure washer.

While it’s perfect for larger surfaces, smaller jobs might not require such a powerful tool.

Real-world insight

We find that the TOR surface cleaner not only saves us time but also delivers a professional-grade clean without the hassle of streaks.

It’s an excellent investment for homeowners who frequently maintain outdoor spaces.


High Performance
3

MEKOH 20'' Pressure Washer Cleaner Attachment

Efficient cleaning with dual jets technology
9.3/10
EXPERT SCORE
The MEKOH Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for efficient and effective cleaning, featuring dual high-pressure jets for non-marking results. This lightweight and durable attachment makes quick work of stubborn stains on various surfaces while protecting your floors.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Large 20-inch cleaning diameter for quick surface coverage.
Dual high-speed nozzles significantly reduce cleaning time.
Lightweight construction makes it easy to handle.
Compatible with a wide range of pressure washers.

Cons

Requires a pressure washer with at least 2000 PSI for optimal performance.
May not be suitable for very tight spaces due to its size.

Overview

The MEKOH Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for efficient and effective cleaning, featuring dual high-pressure jets for non-marking results.

This lightweight and durable attachment makes quick work of stubborn stains on various surfaces while protecting your floors.

Key Features of the MEKOH Surface Cleaner

Two high-pressure jets for efficient, non-marking cleaning results.
Lightweight yet durable materials ensure longevity and ease of use.
Flexible compatibility with both electric and gas pressure washers.
Effortless maneuverability thanks to 4 universal wheels.

Practical considerations

Before purchasing, it’s important to ensure your pressure washer meets the minimum requirements of 2000 PSI and 2 GPM for effective use.

This surface cleaner is versatile, suitable for both residential and commercial applications, but its size may limit its effectiveness in tight areas.

Real-world insight

In our experience, investing in a high-quality surface cleaner like the MEKOH can transform tedious cleaning jobs into quick and satisfying tasks.

With its efficiency and ease of use, we find ourselves tackling outdoor cleaning projects more often and with greater confidence.


Best Value
4

High-performance 14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner

Stainless steel design for long-lasting use
9.1/10
EXPERT SCORE
The LidoDola 14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is perfect for tackling tough stains on driveways and patios. Its stainless steel design ensures durability, while dual rotating jets help achieve a streak-free finish effortlessly.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Cleans large areas quickly with dual rotating jets.
Built from durable stainless steel for long-lasting use.
Includes a complete accessory package for convenience.
Compatible with a wide range of pressure washers.

Cons

Requires a compatible pressure washer with adequate PSI.
May not perform as effectively on extremely textured surfaces.

Overview

The LidoDola 14″ Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is perfect for tackling tough stains on driveways and patios.

Its stainless steel design ensures durability, while dual rotating jets help achieve a streak-free finish effortlessly.

Key Features of the LidoDola Surface Cleaner

14" wide cleaning area helps cover more ground quickly.
Universal design fits gas and electric pressure washers from 2,000 to 4,000 PSI.
Splash-free skirt reduces mess during cleaning.
Includes essential accessories like extension wands and replacement nozzles.

Practical considerations

Before purchasing, ensure that your pressure washer meets the required PSI range for optimal performance.

Additionally, this cleaner may not be the best choice for highly textured surfaces where thorough contact is needed.

Real-world insight

From our experience, having a reliable surface cleaner like the LidoDola can transform our cleaning routine, saving us time and effort while maintaining our outdoor spaces.

It’s a great investment for anyone looking to enhance their pressure washing capabilities.


Most Reliable
5

Hiclean 15" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner

Expert cleaning for concrete and patios
8.8/10
EXPERT SCORE
The Hiclean 15" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for exceptional cleaning of driveways, patios, and sidewalks. With a powerful capacity of up to 3400 PSI, it provides professional-level results while ensuring effortless mobility with its swivel wheels.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Delivers professional-quality cleaning performance
Compatible with various gas pressure washers
Effortless mobility thanks to three swivel wheels
Reduces cleaning time with a wide 15-inch cleaning path

Cons

Limited to gas pressure washers only
May not be suitable for delicate surfaces
Requires a compatible pressure washer for optimal use

Overview

The Hiclean 15″ Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for exceptional cleaning of driveways, patios, and sidewalks.

With a powerful capacity of up to 3400 PSI, it provides professional-level results while ensuring effortless mobility with its swivel wheels.

Key Features of the Hiclean Surface Cleaner

Connects with standard ¼” quick-connect fittings for universal compatibility
Cleans efficiently with dual spinning nozzles
Designed for use on concrete, patios, and driveways

Practical considerations

When considering the Hiclean Surface Cleaner, it’s important to ensure compatibility with your pressure washer, as it is designed specifically for gas models rated between 2600 and 3400 PSI.

Additionally, while it excels on tougher surfaces, it may not be the best choice for more delicate materials.

Real-world insight

For those of us tackling larger outdoor cleaning projects, the Hiclean Surface Cleaner stands out as an invaluable tool that enhances efficiency.

Its design allows us to cover more ground quickly, making it a practical choice for maintaining driveways and patios without the hassle of traditional cleaning methods.


Editor's Choice
6

Professional Grade Surface Cleaner for Pressure Washers

Built for durability and ease of use.
8.6/10
EXPERT SCORE
The WOJET 16" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is constructed for durability, featuring a stainless steel body and metal fittings. It effortlessly cleans various surfaces around your home, making it a versatile tool for any cleaning task.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Durable stainless steel construction ensures longevity.
Versatile cleaning for multiple surfaces without needing to switch tools.
Efficient design cleans large areas quickly, saving time.
Easy to attach to most gas and electric pressure washers.

Cons

May not fit pressure washers outside the 2,000 to 4,500 PSI range.
Larger size may be cumbersome for tight spaces.

Overview

The WOJET 16″ Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is constructed for durability, featuring a stainless steel body and metal fittings.

It effortlessly cleans various surfaces around your home, making it a versatile tool for any cleaning task.

Key Features of the WOJET Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner

Dual spinning jets provide even pressure for a thorough clean.
Brush skirt minimizes splashback, keeping users dry.
Standard 1/4" quick connect fits most pressure washers with ease.
Compact size allows for easy storage in garages.

Practical considerations

While this surface cleaner is an excellent choice for most homeowners, potential buyers should ensure their pressure washer falls within the specified PSI range for optimal performance.

Real-world insight

We appreciate how effortlessly the WOJET surface cleaner fits into our cleaning routine.

Its ability to handle various surfaces with just one attachment means we can tackle different areas of our home without the hassle of changing tools.


7

Hiclean 12" Electric Surface Cleaner

Optimized for electric pressure washers
8.4/10
EXPERT SCORE
The Hiclean 12" Electric Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for optimal cleaning of driveways and patios. With a max pressure of 3200 PSI, it ensures a quick and efficient clean without streaks.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Enhanced cleaning speed with a 12-inch wide path.
Durable all-metal construction for long-lasting performance.
Superior maneuverability reduces user fatigue.
Compatible with major electric pressure washer brands.

Cons

Not suitable for gas pressure washers.
Requires a compatible electric pressure washer with at least 3200 PSI.

Overview

The Hiclean 12″ Electric Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for optimal cleaning of driveways and patios.

With a max pressure of 3200 PSI, it ensures a quick and efficient clean without streaks.

Key Features of the Hiclean Surface Cleaner

Optimized for electric pressure washers, ensuring maximum cleaning power.
Three rotating wheels for easy maneuverability across surfaces.
Stainless steel components resist corrosion for longer life.
Maintains consistent nozzle height for a streak-free finish.

Practical considerations

When considering the Hiclean surface cleaner, ensure that your electric pressure washer can support the required PSI for optimal performance.

Its design is particularly suited for flat surfaces, making it ideal for driveways, patios, and sidewalks.

Real-world insight

We’ve found that using a surface cleaner like the Hiclean can drastically cut down our cleaning time, especially on larger areas.

Its efficient design not only delivers excellent results but also makes the task less physically demanding.


8

WOJET 20" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner

Powerful 4500PSI Cleaning Performance
8.2/10
EXPERT SCORE
The WOJET 20" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner features dual handles and four wheels for enhanced mobility and comfort. Designed for commercial-grade cleaning, it efficiently tackles dirt and grime on a variety of surfaces without leaving stripes.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Commercial-grade performance for thorough cleaning
Enhanced mobility with four wheels and dual handles
Durable stainless steel construction withstands high pressure
Easy compatibility with most gas and electric pressure washers

Cons

Requires a pressure washer with a minimum of 2000 PSI
Bulkier than traditional cleaning attachments, may need storage space

Overview

The WOJET 20″ Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner features dual handles and four wheels for enhanced mobility and comfort.

Designed for commercial-grade cleaning, it efficiently tackles dirt and grime on a variety of surfaces without leaving stripes.

Key Features of the WOJET Surface Cleaner

Two high-pressure jets for efficient cleaning without stripes
Fully sealed and pre-greased swivel for minimal maintenance
Easy assembly with a 3/8" Quick Plug inlet for quick attachment
Includes extra nozzles and a tool kit for better maintenance

Practical considerations

While the WOJET surface cleaner is versatile and effective, it’s important to ensure your pressure washer meets the necessary PSI and GPM requirements for optimal performance.

Real-world insight

We’ve found that the design of the WOJET cleaner not only reduces cleaning time significantly but also minimizes physical strain, making it a popular choice for those tackling larger outdoor cleaning jobs.


9

14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner for Efficient Cleaning

Experience faster surface cleaning with professional results.
8/10
EXPERT SCORE
The Biswing 14" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed to tackle stubborn stains on large flat surfaces effortlessly. With its stainless steel construction and efficient dual pressure jets, it significantly reduces cleaning time compared to conventional methods.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Wide cleaning area of 14 inches for efficient surface cleaning
Reduces cleaning time by up to 60% compared to standard nozzles
Durable stainless steel construction ensures long-lasting use
Compatible with most gasoline pressure washers for versatility

Cons

Not compatible with garden hoses or water hoses
Requires a pressure washer with a minimum of 2000 PSI

Overview

The Biswing 14″ Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed to tackle stubborn stains on large flat surfaces effortlessly.

With its stainless steel construction and efficient dual pressure jets, it significantly reduces cleaning time compared to conventional methods.

Key Features of the Biswing Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner

Includes two extension wands for added reach and flexibility
Quick connection with a 1/4" plug for easy setup
Built-in filter to prevent impurities from blocking the cleaner

Practical considerations

While the surface cleaner is highly effective, it is essential to ensure your pressure washer meets the minimum requirements of 2000 PSI and is equipped with a compatible connector.

This will allow us to maximize its performance.

Real-world insight

In our experience, using a surface cleaner like the Biswing not only speeds up our cleaning process but also delivers a professional finish that is hard to achieve with standard nozzles.

It’s a worthwhile investment for anyone looking to maintain their outdoor spaces.


10

19" Stainless Steel Pressure Washer Cleaner

Efficient cleaning for large surfaces
7.8/10
EXPERT SCORE
The LidoDola 19" Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for professional cleaning, effectively tackling stubborn stains on various surfaces. Its durable stainless-steel construction ensures longevity while providing a splash-free experience during use.
Updated: 2 hours ago

Pros

Wide cleaning coverage with dual rotating jets for fast results.
Durable stainless-steel construction ensures long-term use.
Compatible with various pressure washers, allowing for versatility.
Includes a complete accessory package for added convenience.

Cons

May require a pressure washer with higher PSI for optimal performance.
Larger size may be cumbersome for smaller cleaning tasks.

Overview

The LidoDola 19″ Pressure Washer Surface Cleaner is designed for professional cleaning, effectively tackling stubborn stains on various surfaces.

Its durable stainless-steel construction ensures longevity while providing a splash-free experience during use.

Features that matter for the LidoDola Surface Cleaner

Dual spinning nozzles provide efficient cleaning across a 19" area.
Weighted base prevents lifting for stable operation.
Compatible with both gas and electric pressure washers (2,000-4,000 PSI).
Splash-free skirt reduces overspray for cleaner results.

Practical considerations

When considering this surface cleaner, it’s important to ensure compatibility with your pressure washer’s PSI range.

While it excels in large area cleaning, it may not be the best fit for smaller, detailed jobs.

Real-world insight

In our experience, investing in the LidoDola Surface Cleaner can significantly cut down on cleaning time for larger surfaces, making it a worthwhile addition for anyone looking to maintain their outdoor areas with minimal effort.

How to Choose Best Chemicals For Pressure Washing Driveways

Decision guide
  1. Understand Your Surface

    Different surfaces, such as concrete, asphalt, or pavers, require different cleaning approaches. Ensure the chemical is safe for the specific material of your driveway.

  2. Identify Stains

    Before purchasing any cleaner, identify the types of stains you’ll be addressing. This helps in selecting a product formulated to tackle specific challenges.

  3. Concentrated vs. Ready-to-Use

    Concentrated cleaners often provide better value as they can be diluted according to the specific cleaning needs. However, ready-to-use formulas are more convenient for quick tasks.

  4. Compatibility with Pressure Washers

    Ensure the chemicals you select are compatible with your pressure washer, especially if you have a gas-powered or electric model. Some cleaners may not perform well with all types of pressure washers.

  5. Environmental Considerations

    If you are concerned about the environmental impact, look for eco-friendly cleaning solutions. Many manufacturers now offer biodegradable options that are effective yet less harmful to the environment.

  6. Read Reviews

    Before making a final decision, read customer reviews to gauge the effectiveness of the product you’re considering. Feedback from other users can provide insights into performance and ease of use.

Choosing the right chemicals for pressure washing driveways involves several important considerations. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you make an informed decision.

Key Features to Look For

What to look for
01
Stain Targeting
Look for chemicals specifically designed for the type of stains you need to remove.
Look for
Targeted formulas for oil, rust, mold, and dirt.
Avoid
Generic cleaners that may not be effective.
02
Surface Compatibility
Ensure the cleaner is safe for the surface of your driveway.
Look for
Labels indicating safe use on concrete, asphalt, etc.
Avoid
Harsh chemicals not recommended for your surface.
03
Dilution Ratio
Understanding the dilution ratio helps in maximizing the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of concentrated cleaners.
Look for
Clear instructions on recommended dilution.
Avoid
Products with vague dilution guidance.
04
Environmental Safety
Consider eco-friendly options that minimize environmental impact.
Look for
Biodegradable and non-toxic labels.
Avoid
Harsh chemicals with potential environmental harm.

Quick Comparison

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Avoid these mistakes
  1. Using Incorrect Chemicals

    One of the biggest errors is using a cleaner that isn’t suitable for the surface type, which can lead to damage.

  2. Skipping Dilution Instructions

    Ignoring the recommended dilution ratios for concentrated cleaners can lead to ineffective cleaning or potential surface damage.

  3. Not Pre-treating Stains

    Failing to pre-treat stubborn stains can make the cleaning process much harder and less effective.

  4. Neglecting Safety Precautions

    Not using protective gear while handling chemicals can result in health risks. Always prioritize safety.

Choosing the right pressure washing chemicals can be challenging. Here are some common mistakes to avoid to ensure effective cleaning.

How We Chose These Products

Methodology

Our selection process involved thorough research and comparison based on specific criteria to ensure we present only the best options.

  • Efficacy

    We prioritized products that effectively remove stains and dirt while being safe for various surfaces.

  • User Reviews

    Customer feedback and ratings played a vital role in assessing product reliability and performance.

  • Value for Money

    We considered the price in relation to the effectiveness and quantity of each product.

  • Brand Reputation

    Established brands with a history of quality in cleaning products were given preference.

FAQs

Frequently Asked Questions
What type of chemicals should I use for oil stains?

Look for degreasers or solvent-based cleaners specifically formulated to break down oil.

Are eco-friendly cleaners effective?

Yes, many eco-friendly cleaners are designed to be both effective and safe for the environment.

Can I use bleach in my pressure washer?

It’s generally not recommended as bleach can damage the pressure washer and the surface being cleaned.

How often should I pressure wash my driveway?

It’s advisable to pressure wash your driveway at least once a year or more often if you notice heavy staining.

Do I need to pre-treat stains before pressure washing?

Yes, pre-treating stains can significantly improve the effectiveness of your cleaning.

What is the difference between concentrated and ready-to-use cleaners?

Concentrated cleaners require dilution with water, while ready-to-use cleaners are pre-mixed and can be applied directly.

How do I know if a cleaner is safe for my driveway surface?

Check the product label for surface compatibility details to ensure it’s safe to use.

Can I use the same cleaner for different surfaces?

Some cleaners are versatile, but always check compatibility to avoid damage.

How do I store leftover chemicals?

Store chemicals in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and out of reach of children.

Is pressure washing bad for my driveway?

When done correctly, pressure washing is safe and can extend the life of your driveway.

What should I wear while pressure washing?

Always wear protective gear, including gloves, goggles, and long sleeves, to safeguard against chemicals and debris.

How do I handle stubborn stains?

Consider using specialized cleaners designed for specific stain types or pre-treat difficult areas.

What pressure settings should I use?

Use lower pressure settings for softer surfaces and higher pressure for concrete or brick.

Can I mix different cleaning products?

It’s generally not advisable to mix cleaning products as this can produce harmful reactions.

How can I prevent mold from returning?

Use cleaning products with mold inhibitors and ensure proper drainage and sunlight exposure.

Final Thoughts